Indonesian Rupiah

Overview

Economy

• Indonesia is a member of ASEAN, G20, APEC, OIC, Non-Aligned Movement.
• Main industries include: Petroleum and natural gas, Textiles, Automotive, Electrical appliances, Apparel, Footwear, Mining, Cement, Medical instruments, Handicrafts.
• Indonesia is part of the World Trade Organization.
• Imports are mineral fuels, machinery, electrical machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs.
• Major exports include mineral fuels, animal/vegetable fats and oils, electrical machinery, rubber, machinery, ores.
• GDP: $1.42 trillion (2023 est.).
• GDP per capita: $5,109 (2023 est.).
• Unemployment rate: 5.3% (2023 est.).
• Inflation rate: 3.7% (2023 est.).
• Main trading partners: China, United States, Japan, Singapore, India, Malaysia.
• Trade agreements: ASEAN FTA, RCEP, Indonesia-Australia CEPA, Various bilateral agreements.

History

• Previous currencies used: Netherlands Indies guilder, Japanese occupation currency, Various regional currencies.
• The rupiah was introduced in 1946, replacing the Netherlands Indies guilder. It has undergone several reforms and faced major crises, particularly during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.
• 1946: Rupiah introduced, replacing Netherlands Indies guilder
• 1965: Currency reform due to hyperinflation
• 1997-1998: Asian Financial Crisis, major devaluation
• 1999: Bank Indonesia independence
• 2005: Inflation targeting framework adopted
• 2020: COVID-19 pandemic impact and recovery
• Exchange rate peg: Free floating since 1997.

General Information

• ISO 4217 Code: IDR
• Symbols: IDR/Rp
• Currency Subunits: 100 sen
• Central Bank: Bank Indonesia
• Monetary Policy: Inflation targeting with 3±1% target. Flexible exchange rate with interventions to maintain stability and support economic growth.
• Bills: 1000 IDR, 2000 IDR, 5000 IDR, 10000 IDR, 20000 IDR, 50000 IDR, 100000 IDR
• Coins: 50 rupiah, 100 rupiah, 200 rupiah, 500 rupiah, 1000 rupiah
• USD Exchange Rate: Variable (approximately 15,300-15,500 IDR per USD)
• Pegged To: None (Floating)
• Capital: Jakarta
• Population: 275,501,339 (2023 est.)
• Area: 1,904,569 km²
• Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Local dialects (over 700)
• Time Zones: UTC+7 to UTC+9 (3 time zones across archipelago)
• Government Type: Presidential republic
• Head of Government: President (head of state and government)
• Independence: August 17, 1945 (from Netherlands)
• Ethnic Groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, Other 15.1%
• Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Christian 7%, Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, Buddhist 0.7%, Confucian 0.05%, Other 0.4%
• Literacy Rate: 96% (2018 est.)
• Transport: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, extensive ferry networks, major ports (Jakarta, Surabaya), developing high-speed rail
• Communications: Good telecommunications, 64% internet penetration, widespread mobile coverage across islands
• Energy: Coal 37%, Oil 32%, Natural gas 16%, Hydroelectric 7%, Geothermal 5%, Other renewables 3%
• Countries Using This Currency: Indonesia
• Data Sources: Central Bank: Bank Indonesia (bi.go.id), Economic Data: Statistics Indonesia (BPS), World Bank, IMF, Trade Data: Indonesian Customs and Excise, Demographic Data: Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Geographic Data: Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Historical Data: Bank Indonesia archives
• Last Updated: 2025